Humanitarian Intervention Essay

The United Nations is an international organization that fights for world peace, and strives to control international law, international security, economic development, social progress, and human rights. In the United Nation’s preamble, it states the organization is â€Å"determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.† However, the U.N. can often be ineffective and it has been an ongoing debate between the world’s leaders whether or not intervention is justified when inhumane acts are committed in foreign lands. Too many human beings have been victims of violence, rape and/or other crimes on the U.N.’s watch all because the organization is not authorized to forcefully intervene in another country. The United Nations Security Council is responsible for preserving peace between nations and even within nations, and when a nation is com mitting atrocious acts against its citizens, the U.N. and other nations should have the right to intervene militarily to end those abuses. Just as if a teenager would take on the responsibilities of providing a home and food for themselves when they move out, a country assumes the responsibility of taking care of its citizens when it becomes independent. When a country proves to the outside world it is not capable of controlling its citizens and maintaining a peaceful nation, blue helmeted U.N. troops may invade these unstable regions. It would be inhumane for the U.N., any country, or any human to witness a population suffering and not try to interfere in some way. To look the other way would be immoral and an inhumane act of itself. When trying to obtain peace in foreign countries, peaceful negotiations are not always successful and other means are necessary. In the past, the U.N. has not been able to aid suffering populations militarily and has failed to protect the citizens from vicious crimes. In a survey taken by the U.N. in 2007, â€Å"which covered a total of 14 countries, plus the Palestinian Territories, [it] found that solid majorities in each of 12 national pools believe that the U.N. Security Council should have the right to authorize the use of military force to protect innocent people from genocide and other massive abuses, even against the will of their own government† (Lobe). Even with the support of the majority of world, the U.N. still does not have the authority to forcefully protect innocent people from cruelty. When tens of thousands of people were being killed in Darfur, and Rwanda, it was the U.N.’s responsibility to step in and save the lives of those living in a country at an unfortunate time. However, by following their rules of procedure, the U.N. troops were not allowed to use force unless fired upon. Since 2003, â€Å"tens of thousands of people have being killed and over one million people displaced† in Darfur and in 1994, Hutus killed an estimated 800,000 Tutsis in Rwanda (Spectators to Genocide). â€Å"As a result of the massacre [in Rwanda], there are more than one million orphans† (Rust). But when the blue helmeted troops entered the Rwandan chaos, there was not much they could do to stop the genocides that were taking place right before their eyes. It took the United Nations three years after the United States declared the events taking place in Darfur as genocide to interfere, and even still the U.N. has done nothing beneficial to help those suffering in Darfur. Unable to seize weapons, the blue helmets stand by powerless. Had the United Nations involved itself earlier in Rwanda and Darfur and at full force, millions of people’s lives could have been saved or bettered. If the U.N. involved itself militarily, it is possible that the U.N. may have a few casualties, but the United States Army has lost a good number of soldiers over the years while fighting for causes they believe in. Sometimes sacrifices need to be made, and if a few members of the U.N. were lost in effort to protect the lives of thousands of people and potentially save a population, it would be an admirable sacrifice. It should be the world’s responsibility to defend civilians when its government is guilty of neglecting to â€Å"protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity† (Reeves). Had the United Nations acted quicker when the Hutus began killing the Tutsis, and put an end to the vicious attacks that took place during those days, future genocides could have possibly been prevented. Instead, the word genocide can be heard more frequently and little is being done to stop that. Thousands of lives could have been saved or altered had the United Nations been able to step in and militarily defend the helpless populations of Rwanda and Darfur. Justification of humanitarian intervention is essential in order to protect the lives and rights of those suffering from genocide. The U.N. should want a reputation of not allowing genocides to take place, but instead the organization is being criticized for the lack of effort and aid being lent to those countries in need. Over the years, too many lives have been lost or damaged due to genocide and other inhumane acts. Humanitarian intervention needs to be allowed when a country is not protecting its citizens, in effort to save the lives of populations. The United Nations’ ineffectiveness in the past should be enough of a reason for why humanitarian intervention should be justified. It is imperative that the United Nations be entitled to militarily involve itself when innocent lives are in danger. Works Cited â€Å"Charter of the United Nations: Preamble.† Welcome to the United Nations: It’s Your World. Web. 03 Nov. 2010. . Jim Lobe. â€Å"U.N.: POLL SHOWS BROAD SUPPORT FOR U.N. ACTION AGAINST GENOCIDE. † Global Information Network 6 April 2007 Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Reeves, E. â€Å"Failure to Protect: International Response to Darfur Genocide. † Harvard International Review 29.4 (2008): 84-85. Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Rust, Selina. â€Å"RWANDA: REMEMBERING THE UNFORGETTABLE. † Global Information Network 9 April 2010 Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 9 Nov. 2010. â€Å"Spectators to Genocide. † Wall Street Journal 2 Aug. 2007, Eastern edition: National Newspaper Abstracts (3), ProQuest. Web. 3 Nov. 2010.

Book report of Man from the South Essay

One day, on an accidental occasion, a stranger is willing to bet with you on one of you skills which is not so critical, and you are likely to win. If you do succeed, according to the serious bet, you can get a quite new limousine from the man which is worth millions of dollars; If not, however, what you have to do is just to dedicate your little finger, which means, have that poor finger chopped instantly by the man and then you will be rushed to the hospital in the car you have not won. Thus, here comes your choice, to bet or not? Coincidentally, there is someone else facing the same situation as yours, who is a character in the short story, Man from the South, which was published in 2008 and proved to be an intriguing thriller full of twists and turns and with appalling consequences. Roald Dahl, the author of Man from the South, as Michael Caldon defined, is the master of creating surprises, in whose stories, readers can hardly predict the results unless they’ve turned into the last page because there are so many transitions. 2008) And here, this piece of book report is focused on some information about this article and readers’ reaction to it, which include the plot, author’s purpose, the main theme and Bloom’s opinions about it. The plot of Man from the South is about an intriguing story which starts in a relaxing place and at a comfortable moment with a casual beginning, a suspenseful development and a surprising result. On a very occasional afternoon when I, the narrator, am si tting in the chair at the swimming pool enjoying the sunshine, I meet a small old man there who is immaculately dressed. We are having a casual talk about the weather and the people in the pool. Soon later, a young naval cadet with his girlfriend, who have been swimming in the pool, join us. When he is lighting the cigarette he has offered us, he says that his lighter never failed, by which the old man was animated. Then the old man proposes a bet on whether the young man can light the lighter for ten times running without missing one. If he fulfills it, he can get a new Cadillac from the old man; and on the other way around, if he loses, what he is about to lose more is his little finger as well as the Cadillac. After fiercely wrestling with himself, the young man finally agrees, leaving behind his girlfriend’s dissuasion as well as mine. When everything of the experiment has been ready in the man’s house in annex and there are only two flicks left, which means that the brave young man has passed eight tests before, a strange old woman opens the door and then rushes forward shouting at the old man. Through her narration, people on the scene all know that the old man is a menace who is so addicted to betting that he has taken altogether forty-seven fingers from different people and lost eleven cars, and ended up owning nothing in the world. And the old woman herself, who has won everything from the old man a long time ago, only has one finger on her left hand, a thumb. In this short story, the author’s main purpose is to reveal the dark side of humanity through the small old man, which is mainly from two clues. Firstly, the full text stretches around the event, â€Å"betting†, which was provoked by the old man. For instance, when the young naval cadet says that his lighter always works, the old man just focuses on the word, †always† and immediately becomes excited, because it is possible for him to carry out another bet. Next, the story displays the dark side of the old man by describing his obsession with betting. When the old woman exposes the truth that he has taken forty-seven fingers and lost eleven cars so that in the end he has nothing at all of his own, the cruelty and abnormality of the man is entirely cleared. The theme of Man from the South is to sing the praises of the battle between two sides of human nature, the good and the dark side. From the article, it can be drawn that good side of humanity can eventually defeat the dark side, though it would take a lot of sacrifices and time. Undisputedly, in this story, the small old man is the symbol of the dark side, who is absolutely a betting psycho and is keen on mutilating others’ physical fitness, from which he can get pleasure. On the other hand, the other characters, including the young cadet, his girlfriend, I and the old woman are on the side of good nature. The young man is courageous enough to take that bet in risk of his left pinky finger, who is fighting against the old man’s insanity in person. As Leiv Arild Haugland insinuates, the self-confident young cadet is the critical character without whom the story cannot continue any further. (2012) And when the old man puts forward the absurd bet, the girl and I try to prevent the young man from getting into it to avoid a bloody consequence. In addition, the woman who has spent a lot of time winning everything from the old man to suppress his persecution of betting, is the genuine symbol of the good side of humanity. As Haakon Hoel Bakker reveals, the old woman who s thought to be unlikely to appear in the article turns out to be so natural and shocking a character as a result of her unusual experiences. (2012) Generally speaking, Man from the South, in Leiv Arild Haugland’s assertion, is an intriguing story which develops compactly and ends unexpectedly because of Roald’s competent creation,(2013) and my opinions about it are illustrated in the following five aspects. Firstly, in my opinion, the author does achieve his purpose of this story to reveal the dark side of human nature through the crazy old man. By describing his sensitivity towards the word â€Å"always† and his excitement about carrying out the experiment, the author portrayed a man who is mentally disturbed and addicted to betting. After his past is exposed, the dark nature of the old man, which drove him to get joy from hurting others, is exposed as well. Secondly, I think the writing of this article is quite powerful and fascinating, which often holds my breath especially when it comes to the suspenseful part. I would not deny that when the test goes on where the young man is flicking for the eighth time, I am frightened by the cliffhanging plot and I just want to escape from the oncoming cruel scene and to skip to the last part to see if it has a good ending. Just as Annie claims that Roald Dahl is inspired and experienced in writing from the other side compared to everyman and thus, has a good understanding of the art of story. (2010) Next, I suppose the strength of this story is very obvious, including the compact plot, eye-catchy description and surprising results. What’s more, as Haakon Hoel Bakker maintains, another attraction of this article is the usage of the old man’s English dialect in the dialogues, such as the â€Å"pleees† instead of â€Å"please†, â€Å"dat† instead of â€Å"that†, which proves the man is from south and matches the title(2012); the weakness of this story, however, is that some settings are not clearly stated, which can be quite puzzling. For example, what is the relationship between the old man and the woman, why the old woman bet with the old man a long time ago and why it is her that took the old man here? At last, my overall response to this short article is â€Å"thriller†, no matter the plot or the description. As to the plot, it is betting in a price of the little finger and especially when the old woman shows her finger that is quite scary; in addition, the thriller in description embodies in the process of the experiment, when it is approaching hard to the final tenth try. Therefore, seeing that how exciting the story is, I will absolutely recommend it to my friends to make them experience such a wonderful and frightening journey as well. In conclusion, Man from the South, which is outstanding in plot construction, description and coherent writing, is worth reading for a thousand times. When the old man puts forward the conditions, when the young man agrees to take the bet, when the experiment is carried out in the eighth flick and when the old woman shows her left hand with only a thumb, the story succeeds in attracting readers’ attention and then twisting their expectation into a totally different direction. As Tazar presumes, Man from the South is right the reflection of Roald Dahl’s attainments in producing a fascinating world in his works,(2011) which speaks highly of both this story and his creative writing. Man from the South not only shows the dark side of someone, but also indicates that righteous people can finally defeat the insanity.

Communism in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communism in China - Essay Example The failure of nationalist leader Chiang Kai-Shek to offer protection from the threat posed by Japan led to his abduction. He was forced by the abductors to reconsider cooperation with the communist army (Office of the Historian, n.d.). This laid a foundation for the rise of communism in the country. The other factor that contributed was the rise of a dictatorial regime. The nationalist government was accused of undemocratic policies and corruption (Office of the Historian, n.d.). The discontent of the population and poor policies made the country more vulnerable to communism ideals. On the other hand, China Communist Party (CCP) received overwhelming support from peasants due to land reforms it initiated and repelling of Japanese invaders (Office of the Historian, n.d.). Lastly, foreign intervention played a role in the rise of communism. The United States and Soviet Union influenced various issues in the country. United States was in support of Nationalist government while Soviet Union supported CCP. However, Soviet Union prevailed as it occupied Manchuria and only left when Chinese Communist forces were in a position to claim victory of the area (Office of the Historian, n.d.). This led to the establishment of communism in the larger part of the

Technology and crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Technology and crimes - Essay Example This leads to more effective credit card and identity theft scams (Criminal Intelligence Service Canada [CISC], 2010). - Credit card skimmer devices can be placed within a point-of-sale credit card machine, and collect names and credit card numbers. These devices operate on battery power and do not require the criminal to be nearby for them to do their work; they can be picked up surreptitiously later (CISC, 2010). - GPS tracking on cell phones and other web-enabled devices, as well as cell phone call tracking, means that the police can find out where criminals are making calls from and where they are traveling (Howell, 2010). - Database analysis turns information into a map that tells cops where a specific criminal is likely to live and where they are likely to strike next; this map also shows where crime hotspots are (Logan, 2004). - Wireless networking of different departments helps with arson tracking (Logan, 2004). Arson is often not well-reported, since it is the domain of the fire department and not the police department. Networking their databases together means that if the fire department suggests a fire is suspicious, the police immediately know about it. - Dashboard cameras on police cars record how a police officer behaves during a criminal arrest or investigation of a crime scene. This way, the actions of the police officer are no longer hearsay, but instead are a matter of record. (Howell, 2010) - The installation of the Automated Fingerprint Identification System has meant that criminals picked up for minor crimes dont get away with bigger ones. It is a national database of wanted criminals that tells officers almost immediately if the person they picked up for one crime is wanted for something more serious in another jurisdiction (Howell, 2010). Criminal Intelligence Service Canada [CISC]. (2010, May 13). Technology and Crime. Criminal Intelligence Service

ACC 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ACC 5 - Essay Example Management accounting is as important as production in the modern agricultural environment. The solution offered here is a responsibility center approach that sets up cost and profit centers. The system enables comparisons based on crops and land. It also lets the farm track performance on a year to year basis. The solution is long term and will ensure that the farm will run well even after the management is taken over by the next generation. The cost centers are for support, and stages of production. We have production cost centers for land owners. One cost center is for management. The cost centers are grouped under the profit centers associated with each commodity. The accounting techniques presented here will be applicable to any farm. The farms can have any combination of land ownership, equipment and crop. The responsibility for accounting is with the top management. The automated system lets the owner perform detailed analysis that would not be possible without a software solu tion. The solution uses responsibility accounting. This approach is aligned with the organizational structure. It also lets us control finances better. There is an individual cost center for each activity. Costs can be allocated according to the land ownership. We also have cost centers based on crop. Each crop has its own marketing cost center. All the cost centers are grouped by crop and function as profit centers. This solution is beneficial because management control can be exercised from the farm field to the profits. Costs are allocated fairly amongst the crops so that we know accurately how much money has been spent to produce a particular crop. The allocation base is selected based on the right measure of the costs. The costs can be subdivided between the cost centers according to the allocation base. The individual costs associated with the use of equipment are considered. The software used generates the financial statements required. These include cost allocations,

Public Law and the Rights of Individuals Research Paper

Public Law and the Rights of Individuals - Research Paper Example Individuals Rights Protection Five rights of individuals are outlined in the Constitution of Australia (Clark et al, 2010). The first and the most important right for every individual is the right to vote (Sec. 41). In terms of modern democracies, it is of great importance that every individual could realize his role as an active participant of a social life of the country. A right to vote underlines a civil significance of every individual. The second right outlined in the Constitution of Australia is â€Å"protection against acquisition of property on unjust terms† (Sec. 51 (xxxi)). To have a property and to assure safety and protection to it means personal safety and peace (McKnight, 2005). Section 116 is focused on the right of freedom of religion, which is beneficial for the citizens of Australia, but with respect to modern diversities of the society it would be relevant to take into account discrimination against sexual orientation and race (Willet, 2000; Sanders, 2002). The latter point is underlined in Section 117, which is focused on prohibition of discrimination basing on the place of residence. Section 80 considers the right of a trial to jury. With respect to individual’s rights protection, this point means a lot as well. It is of crucial importance for citizens to be aware of fair trial (Tazreiter, 2009; Hansen and Ainsworth, 2009). Still, individual’s rights are not properly taken into account in Australia. This can be illustrated by some restrictions of the common law (Morabito, 2003). For example, women and men are considered to have equal rights. Nevertheless, it is often claimed that women are prevented from been occupied in different professions in Australia (Harris and Twomey, 2008). Fortunately, starting from 70s, some legal Acts were issued directed on discrimination prevention on the basis of racial discrimination (1975), sex discrimination (1984), disability discrimination (1992) (Roht-Arriaza, 1995). Thus, we can cl aim that the main principle of individual’s rights protection is based on non-discrimination principles. Anti-discrimination laws are promoted in Australia. It is claimed that every complaint should be properly processed and mutual agreement on it should be reached either by means by peaceful negotiations or in the court. Still, there is a serious gap concerning individual’s rights protection, when discrimination occurs on the basis of sexual preferences, age, religion or other matters (Meyerson, 2009). Thus, Gelber (2002) claims: â€Å" human rights  law has `not engaged explicitly with religious traditions', in  the sense that human rights  principles tend to advocate freedom of religion, yet this freedom is controversial in  cases where a religious tradition denies plurality. Furthermore, many religious traditions evidence historical discrimination and intolerance† (Gelber, 2002).   Thus, it is relevant to introduce some changes in individualâ€℠¢s rights protection in Australia. This may concern a better protection of the rights of a child, or individual’s rights protection on the basis of concerns other than outlined in International Human Rights Protection. â€Å"Right to Wellbeing† may be considered as a rough draft as a child’s rights protection in Australia: â€Å"

A harmful impact of acid rain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A harmful impact of acid rain - Research Paper Example Nitrogen compounds and Sulfur oxides are some of the major gases which are coming out from industrial units, vehicles and power plants. These gases have the ability to combine with hydrogen present in atmospheric moisture and the result would be acids like Nitric acid, Sulfuric acid, Hydro chloric acid etc. These acids spread in the atmosphere and referred as acid rain. These acids have immense destructive power upon human and plant life. It can also cause damages to soil and buildings. This paper argues that the industrial waste and the emissions from vehicles should be restricted in order to avoid acid rain and to save soil, buildings, human life and plant life. Our atmosphere consists of water particles (H2O) from rain, snow, dew, fog etc. The gases such as SO2, CO2, NO2 etc liberated from industrial units, vehicles, etc will react with atmospheric water and the result would be the formation of different types of acids. Some of the acid forming reactions are given below. H2O + CO2 H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) H2O + SO2 H2SO4 (Sulfuric acid) 2H2O +4NO2+O2 4HNO3 (Nitric acid) From the above equations, it is clear that carbonic acid is formed due to the reaction of carbon dioxide with atmospheric water whereas sulfuric acid is formed due to the reaction of sulfur dioxide with atmospheric water. ... As we all know, acidity is harmful to human health. It can affect our bodily functions in different manner. Acid rains can pollute fresh water or drinking water sources like, rivers, streams, ponds, wells etc immensely. When we consume water from these polluted water sources, acid enters our body and cause lot of health problems. Same way acid rain increases the acidity of soil which is not good for crops. As mentioned earlier, industrial wastes and the emissions from automobiles increase the concentration of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons etc in the atmosphere. These elements or compounds have the ability to react with water molecules under favorable conditions like heat, light, water etc. Ling et al (2010) investigated impacts of simulated acid rain (SAR) upon four types of soil enzymes, namely the catalase, acid phosphatase, urease, and amylase, in a latosol and concluded that acid rain had adverse environmental impacts on soil enzyme activities in the latosol Latosol is an acidic red soil and forms in the tropical rainforest biome. In general, the catalase, acid phosphatase, and urease activities increased with the SAR pH levels. However, the maximum amylase activity was found at pH 4.0 and decreased as the SAR pH increased from 4.0 to 5.0 or decreased from 4.0 to 2.5. (Ling et al). pH determines the fertility of the soil. In normal cases, the pH value of the soil is 7. When pH value lowers; it means the soil is getting acidic whereas when the pH value increase from the normal value; it means the soil is getting basic. Both higher pH value and lower pH value are equally dangerous for the crops. Yields from

This paper has to be about the Leadership and organizational behavior Essay

This paper has to be about the Leadership and organizational behavior of the movie "The wolf of wall street" - Essay Example n Belfort played by Leonardo DiCaprio exemplifies this attribute as he takes nothing too seriously in his life and has no regard for authority around him. He shows the audience the different sides of a stockbroker and the process of acquiring power in Wall Street having been in Wall Street from an early age to become one of the players in Wall Street and make money through his own company. Jordan is supported by his business partner ad friend Donnie Azoff played by Jonah Hill and their interaction and friendship surmounts a good interaction and comic prowess from the two actors. This paper looks at some of the conceptual aspects that come out from the different interactions and also the use of power in the film to highlight different aspects of production exemplified in the Wolf of Wall Street. The Wolf of Wall Street is a movie about Jordan Belfort who is a stockbroker in Wall Street but later acquires his own company Stratton Oakmont with the help of his friend and business partner Donnie Azoff. He runs the business through scams and fraudulent behaviors that are later discovered by the authorities and are constantly targeted(Scorsese et al n.d). He manages to construe get his money out of the United States and into offshore accounts in Switzerland where there are no extradition treaties using the name of his wife’s aunt. The plan however, backfires on him and he is arrested and used by the authorities to spy for them against other rogue stockbrokers in Wall Street. The different methods and manipulation techniques as he looks to money, power and live the lavish lifestyles are his downfall as he soon after loses all and ends up in prison. He loses his wife and also in a twist of fate loses his children to her wife as well. The pursuit of power and money is evident from the different developments in the film as the authorities hack his powers and he ends up reliant on their power so that they can show him mercy(Scorsese et al n.d). One of the main aspects that

Oreos and Milk, Chinese Style Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oreos and Milk, Chinese Style - Assignment Example The profit of Kraft in European Union and the developing countries grew outpacing the U.S. profit growth. China, being the fourth largest country, and has the highest population estimated to 1,330,141,295 (as of July 2010) gave Kraft Foods an opportunity in introducing Oreo cookies. Although Kraft introduced the top-selling U.S. style Oreo cookies in 1996, it was only in 2006 that Oreo cookies was totally accepted all over the parts of China. The original Oreo cookies presented was too sweet and too expensive for the Chinese consumers. Kraft however, was not discourage to continue introducing and selling the Oreo cookies in China. This made them think that reinventing the Oreo cookies is the only way that the populous country of China would accept Oreo cookies. Several marketing strategies were made to make their product more acceptable to Chinese consumers. In the event of their study, they found out that, first, the Chinese are not accustomed to sweet foods particularly chocolates (most of the Chinese’ food pattern is more on rice-based products, spices, low calorie diet, soy products, and fruits and vegetables), secondly, China is big which is also divided in two regions, the North and the South, wherein, the two regions has two extreme climate condition (Northern part is extremely cold, while the Southern part is tropical), and third, the Chinese are born thrifty (they find Oreo cookies too expensive). Kraft considered other alternatives to make Chinese consumers patronize Oreo cookies. In 1996, Kraft Foods introduced Oreo cookies in China in the form of the original top-selling Oreo cookies of the U.S. However, even a lot of marketing effort has been done, the sales of the Oreo cookies in China remained flat. This statement is supported with my aforementioned discussion in the research. The study is limited to Kraft Food and its marketing strategy in selling Oreo cookies in China. Kraft’s

Parade of Organisms and Cell Identification Assignment

Parade of Organisms and Cell Identification - Assignment Example The organism is formed within mycelium, which is a mass of threadlike structures called hyphae. The primordium develops into a round structure of interlocking hyphae called a button. The button, also referred to as an egg, expands with time and the universal veil ruptures to release the spores out. The growth of mushroom always occurs at night with a rapid expansion. This is made possible by fluids absorption in forming fruit bodies. Others add tissues or insert hyphae to fruit bodies by growing at the edges of the colony. The mushroom is edible and consumed by most people. The most interesting bit is that it is a low-calorie meal and can be eaten as raw or when cooked. The mushroom is rich in vitamins, source of essential minerals and low-fat content. Man, therefore, becomes the main predator of the organism and any other animal that consume the mushroom (Schafer, 2013). Additionally, the organism is used in fiber industry in dyeing of wool and fabrics to produce vivid and strong colors. The organisms also play an important role in the biological process of remediation. Filtration technologies where the organism is involved in lowering bacterial level in any contaminated water (Schafer, 2013). Also, the organism can be used in spurring plant growth by using the structure mycorrhizae that are soil rich nutrients. The organism extracts are widely used in the field of medicine for cardiovascular disorders and boosting of the immune system. The side effects are the harmful impact of the toxic mushrooms rendering it inedible. Moreover, the organism has the propensity effect of absorbing heavy metals that may include the radioactive ones emitting harmful rays. The difference between the bacterial cell from the plant and animal cells is that the bacterial cell is prokaryotic meaning there is no nucleus, unlike plant and animal cells that are eukaryotic, made up of cells. Animal cell lacks cell wall but present in plant cell and is

Chart and Reflection Essay Example for Free

Chart and Reflection Essay The Somebody-Wanted-But-So chart is an excellent way to summarize important information from history. In it, you identify a person or group of people; their goal, need, or want; what conflict of interest stood in the way; and the outcome. This strategy works great because history depends on the needs, wants, and actions of humans. Part 1 – Complete the following chart using information from the lesson. One example appears for you. Somebody Wanted But So President Abraham Lincoln the nation to heal as quickly as possible from the Civil War and planned to reunify the nation quickly he was assassinated in 1865 only days after Robert E. Lee’s surrender plans for Reconstruction were taken over by Vice President Andrew Johnson, who became president after Lincoln’s death President Andrew Johnson To continue the Reconstruction Congress kept over-riding his request Radical Republicans started the Radical Reconstruction. Radical Republicans Southerners to be punished for re-unifying with the Union. President Hayes took office and removed the federal troops from the south Federal protection for African American voters and pro-republicans, including freedmen, was over. Southern Democrats To have federal troops removed from the south and to have a southern Democrat named in the cabinet. Hayes accepted this request and removed the federal troops while also naming a southern democrat in his office. The reconstruction policy came to an end after the federal troops were removed from the south. Part 2 – Answer the following questions in a complete paragraph of your own words. What was the  main issue relating to Reconstruction that divided Republicans at the end of the Civil War? If you had been a member of Congress at the time, what type of plan for Reconstruction would you have supported and why? There were many different opinions which had divided Republicans at the end of the Civil War. One of these opinions was about the punishment that confederate leaders should receive. Whether the confederate leaders should be punished as traitors or just pay for damages was the main topic of interest. I probably would have supported Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction. They sought a perfect unification of America which was the ideal way to end things. It wasn’t their fault that the plan didn’t work either, if it wasn’t for Lincolns assassination and the Radical Republicans taking the policy from Johnson, all would have been well.

Introduction to Apologetics Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Apologetics Essay Introduction This is a critique of L. Russ Bush’s The Advancement. In order to properly ascertain the individual components as well as the overall success of Bush’s work, this article deploys the use of a general summary, followed by a section of critical interaction, and finally a conclusion. In the end, elements of Bush’s argument prove invaluable, while others miss their target. Summary Chapter 1 begins with an historical review of the modern worldview formation. This includes first the secular worldview, inspired by the focus on freedom inherent in the Enlightenment. Bush then begins to explore the details of  the Christian alternative. This discussion reaches a climax as he notes the contrast of the new and old worldviews. â€Å"In the earlier view there is a natural stability in both history and in nature. Progress or decline are products of a person’s relationship or lack of relationship to God, and neither is inevitable historically (15).† Ultimately Bush concludes, â€Å"The older worldview is not true (just) because it’s old, and it too may be in need of refinement in light of better understandings of the Bible, but authentic Christianity is the best antidote for a culture that is dying from the venom of the Advancement (17).† See more: how to write an introduction Chapter 2 begins to unveil the components of the overall worldview, that which Bush calls The Advancement. Here, again, Bush delves deeper into the historical relationships ¬Ã‚ ¬ among science, secularism, and Christianity. He addresses the historic belief, â€Å"God operates outside of the cause-and-effect pattern discernable in the Universe (20)†. Bush notes that while cause-and-effect reasoning was originally limited to certain areas of study, modernity and postmodernity have witnessed cause-and-effect spreading into countless fields (21). In addition, Bush explores the origins of modern materialism, uniformitarian thought, and evolution. From here he displays the historic influence of these philosophies on modern ethics. The most critical issue of ethics is the loss of humanness at the hands of the animal origins suggested in evolutionary theory. â€Å"Humans are no longer human. They are simply naked apes (35).† Chapter 3 explores The Advancement and Theory of Knowledge. The core of this address deals with the epistemological battle between conflicting philosophies of objective and subjective truth. Bush notes that naturalism demands that the human mind is merely an effect of the system that created it. Therefore, he believes that this, in turn, places scientific study, amongst other things, at the mercy of subjective relativism (40). Bush compares this to multiple epistemological views based on a theistic foundation. After several theories, he ultimately concludes that naturalism has reclassified biblical ideas as culturally, rather than divinely, inspired (52). The collective result of secular modernism is a â€Å"loss of political freedom† and â€Å"moral accountability† (50). Chapter 4 explores Modern Theistic Alternatives. Bush points to various groups of non-biblical philosophies such as process theology and open theology, which recognize the potentiality, and even perhaps the need for God. However, he concludes that these beliefs are incomplete at best and through these beliefs, â€Å"Ultimately, God is naturalized, and the modern worldview prevails (64). â€Å" The following two chapters investigate naturalistic evolution. Bush spends Chapters 5 and 6 addressing the seven assumptions of evolutionary biology (65-72), ten axioms of modern scientific thought (72-76), and four basic beliefs of modern thinkers (77-78). He follows this groundwork with five simple objections to naturalistic evolution (80-83). Critical Interaction Overall, Bush’s outline follows a semi-logical progression. However, in spite of the overall congruency, certain elements are lacking the necessary ingredients for a successful dissertation. Ultimately, Bush’s massive undertaking becomes his downfall. The very concept of the Advancement is a hodgepodge of component worldviews. In his attempt to attack this umbrella concept, Bush ends up falling victim to the same weakness as postmodernism. Ambiguity and muddled worldviews become self-contradictory. The book gives the impression of a single soldier fighting a multitude of swarming enemies. In his worthy attempt at defeating the collective Advancement, Bush ends up using the wrong ammunition on the wrong enemy. This happens in two ways. First, though he has the foresight to break down the overall concept into its respective components, he often reverts back to addressing the overall mentality, which does not technically exist on a broad scale. The postmodern beast is like a series of viruses that morph in their formation from host to host. The only way to attack it is piece by piece. The combination of postmodern beliefs never takes the same form from person to person. Therefore, addressing it as a collective whole ultimately fails.  Second, he frequently attributes relativist beliefs to naturalism and vice versa. Bush’s, lack of clarity is pervasive throughout the book. He bounces back and forth between this multitude of worldviews and theories, often with little description of how he intends to relate them one to another. Bush tends to make broad, sweeping statements that render worldview differentiation difficult to assess. â€Å"To the modern mind†¦ progress is inevitable (15).† In context, It is difficult to discern whether Bush is referencing secular minds, Christian minds, or the all-inclusive popular opinion of modernity, irrespective of religious foundation. As Bush acknowledges, chronological limits are not always clear and ideas surface gradually (7). Phrases such as â€Å"modern mind† become increasingly ambiguous in the midst of paragraphs and subsections, which themselves are bouncing between religion, secularism, time periods, and keystone philosophies that transcend designated periods or belief structures. The end result is a dizzying series of statements that present more frustration and confusion than clarity and conclusion. Specific statements that lack citation further confound Bush’s message. In Chapter Two, he claims that there are three ideas that make up the longstanding alternative worldview of Christianity: â€Å"stability in nature, spiritual warfare, and historical change initiated by divine intervention (9).† Bush gives no indication about where he has derived these three ideas. He does this multiple times throughout the book. Chapters 5 and 6, as mentioned in the summary, are made up of lists of apparent assumptions, axioms, and beliefs that represent the foundations of multiple worldviews. However, again, Bush neglects to cite his reasoning for calling upon these specific elements of each worldview. This may leave readers questioning the authenticity of the claims, and if it doesn’t, perhaps it should. These lists are especially important to the overall purpose of the book as they represent the summation of alternative worldviews, which Bush is seeking to critique. Witho ut clarification of source and accuracy, readers should be cautious in adopting his overall strategy, though individual responses still have value. In addition to issues of clarity and viability, Bush has a tendency to evaluate secular worldviews from the subjectivity of a Christian understanding. This is most evident in his repeated portrayal of naturalism as ethically unviable. While this may certainly be true, and while it may provide a valuable argument in some light, Bush confuses the need for morality with the need for truth. His response to the loss of humanness associated with natural evolution is, â€Å"It is not an optimistic picture (78).† While this is certainly a viable proclamation, it ultimately does little to answer the question of truthfulness. Morality is contingent upon truth and not the other way around. â€Å"The truth of moral and logical principles does not correspond to reality in the same way as do statements about observable empirical facts.† Assuming that God’s truth is correct, then a lack of morality is a viable argument. However, the argument relies upon the presupposition that God’s truth is, in fact, correct. Bush continually fails to fully consider the worldview he addresses. One example of this is found in his discussion of â€Å"Why Modern Thought Fails†(59-61). Again, he seems to confuse the ultimate reality of objective truth, with the anthropomorphic limitations of subjective truth. â€Å"Truth, as it has been traditionally defined, does not exist necessarily in this modern scientific worldview. There is only momentary correctness, warranted assertions, and majority opinions (60).† This is not an accurate assessment. Bush is simply acknowledging that human subjectivity and limitation keeps humanity from discovering ultimate truth. That does not mean that this truth does not exist. The true divergence in the two worldviews lies where the ultimate truth is found. For science, ultimate truth is in natural law. That does not change based on our momentary correctness, assertions, or opinions. Likewise, biblically speaking, humanity operates similarly, but God is the ultimate source of truth rather than natural law. Human subjectivity exists in both models, and this momentary understanding may be accurate or inaccurate. However, the point is simply that human subjectivity fails to influence ultimate truth in either model. Bush misses this in his conclusion, â€Å"The relativism of modern thought is†¦ self-defeating (80).† This is simply not true. Relativism only acknowledges the finite nature of human understanding. Conclusion Like an under trained spy in the enemy’s camp, Bush’s Christian worldview and reliance upon morality remains overly influential in his assault on the mixed set of hypotheses that make up The Advancement. His inability to remain focused on a single worldview sucks the reader into a tornadic war against a constantly shifting, ever-growing enemy. In the end Bush may succeed in refuting the validity of the umbrella view of The Advancement, on the basis of self-refutation, but fails to win the individual battles that truly matter. Bibliography Bush, L. Russ. The Advancement. Nashville: Broadman Holman, 2003. Groothuis, Douglas. Christian Apologetics: A Comprehensive Case for Biblical Faith. Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2011.

General Strain Theory

General Strain Theory Agnew (2001) produced three different categories of strain that have the potential to induce a negative reaction. These categories include: being in the presence of negative stimuli, not being able to get past goal blockages, and the loss of positive stimuli. In context of the category of strain related to being in the presence of a negative stimulus, a negative stimulus can be described as any stimulus that has undesirable consequences. Some examples of negative stimuli include but are not limited to: sexual abuse, physical abuse, harassment, teasing, bullying, or any form of violence. With regard to strain as it relates to goal blockages, this form of strain involves an individual failing to meet their desired goals for one or more various reasons. An example of goal blockage would be when someone is unable to attend a prestigious private college because they cannot afford to pay tuition. Finally, in regard to the last category of strain, the loss of positive stimuli, positive stim uli can be operationally defined as a loss of a stimulus that has a desirable consequence. An example of one such positive stimulus would be an end to a desired relationship, or loss of a loved one. In addition to these three categorical theories of strain, Agnew (2001) came up with the idea that there are two different ways by which to measure strain: subjectively and objectively. Agnew (2001) says that subjective strains refer to conditions and events that are not liked by the people who are actually experiencing the m. In other words, subjective strains are personal conditions that someone has an aversion towards based on their experiences. Conversely, objective strains refer to negative conditions/ events that are not liked by most of the members of a specific group (Frggio Agnew, 2007). A powerful and common example of objective strain would be when people are or feel they are being deprived of basic human necessities. Agnew (2001) stated that almost all of his research on General Strain Theory involved using dealings of objective strain, with barely any measures of subjective strain. After Agnew came out with the aforementioned statement about not using as much subjective strain research as objective strain research, he became worried that other researches would undermine the integrity of Strain Theory on the basis that objective strains occasionally for m minor subjective strains (Agnew, 2001). What Agnew was suggesting in supporting objective strain over subjective strain was that emphasis needs to be placed on objective strain research; he never discredited the role of subjective strain research at any point.. As stated in the introduction, not everyone who experiences strains goes on to commit crimes. Instead, the vast majority of individuals have coping mechanisms that aid in the diversion from taking part in criminal behaviors. Agnew (2001) stated that it is only when these coping mechanisms fail that criminal activity may ensue. Agnew (2001) discusses four different types of characteristics that can potentially lead to coping by means of criminal behavior. The four different characteristics that will most likely lead to crime in the instance that coping mechanisms fail to provide sufficient relief from the experience of strain include: unjust, high in magnitude, associated with little to no social control, and strains that create stress or incentive to engage in criminal activities (Agnew, 2001). First, strain is more prone to lead to criminal behavior when it is seen as unjust or unfair, as this perception has the potential to trigger negative emotions, such as anger. When anger comes in to the picture, the individual will potentially think irrationally, making it easier for them to engage in criminal actions (Agnew, 2001). These crimes are often called crimes of passion. An example of a crime of passion can be seen in a husband assaulting a man he discovers his wife cheating on him with. Second, individuals turn to crime if the strain is perceived to be high in magnitude. More specifically, if an individual perceives strain as being significant, they are more likely to commit criminal activity than they would be if the strain was not as significant. For example, someone with a small amount of debt is less likely to engage in delinquent behavior than someone who has a large amount of debt. Another characteristic of strain is observed when a strain is coupled with little to no social control, which increases the likelihood of an individual committing a crime. Agnew (2001) says that this category of low social control can be broken down in three smaller subcategories: commitment, attachment, and absence of direct control. The fourth and final characteristic of strain that can lead to criminal behavior occurs as a result of strains that create stress or incentive to engage in criminal activity. One way stress can cause an individual to engage in criminal behavior can be seen occurring in response to financial hardships. For example, if a family is struggling financially, the son from this family may resort to physically assaulting other kids and stealing their money or possessions. Another example that would work for the fourth characteristic would be if the individual observes his/her model committing a crime. On Thursday, March 3rd, 2011 at about 11:00 a.m., police responded to a report of a possible child abduction in Palmdale, California. The suspect was a seventeen year old father who had taken his five month old baby. The sheriffs department located Christopher Earl Glass and his son, Christopher Glass Jr., driving in Glass car, and began to pursue the vehicle. During the course of the pursuit, deputies noticed Glass making stabbing movements inside the vehicle. As the sheriffs closed in, Glass crashed his white SUV, then took off on foot. A couple of deputies chased after the suspect, while others looked inside the SUV to check on the child. Christopher Glass Jr. had been stabbed multiple times. Police rushed the injured five month old baby to the hospital in a squad car. Regrettably, Christopher Earl Glass Jr. was pronounced dead at the hospital. While being pursued by authorities, Christopher Earl Glass broke in to a random house and, when cornered, charged at the police with a kni fe in hand, resulting in him being shot to death. By looking at all of the facts of the case, Agnew would say that this crime falls within the classification of General Strain Theory. First, Agnew would say that the strain experienced by Christopher Glass in this case could be measured subjectively, due to the fact that Glass was under extreme emotional distress.. Christopher Earl Glass thought that having a child at age 17 was too much to handle, and cracked under the pressure of being a new father. Agnew would also say that Christopher Earl Glass was under a great deal of strain because he was in the presence of a negative stimulus, goal blockages, and because he was experiencing a loss of positive stimuli. The new negative stimulus Glass experienced was his babys mother constantly hounding him for support and payments. Christopher was a talented athlete who was looking for the chance to get a scholarship to play collegiate basketball, but since he had a child, all of his dreams of ever going professional came crashing down. He al so had a loss of positive stimulus because he was a new father who had all of these new responsibilities that kept him from going out and having fun. These negative feelings, coupled with a loss of positive feelings, caused Christopher to think that getting rid of his son was the only means he had by which to restore balance to his life. Agnew would also say that Christopher shows all of the four characteristics that would make him want to resort to criminal behavior. In Christophers eyes, having a child at age 17 was an unjust situation. He was probably thinking to himself, Thousands of teens have unprotected sex every day; why did I have to be the one to have a child? Also, his babys mother chose not to have an abortion, and this might also have been something Christopher perceived as unfair. Because Christopher was a gifted and talented athlete, having a child at such a young age must have been perceived as a problem high in magnitude, because the responsibilities of being a new father redefined his priorities. The next characteristic of low social control can be seen when the babysitter essentially gave the baby to her father without contacting the authorities right away. Finally the last characteristic of strains that create pressure or incentive to engage in criminal activities is present because, in the report , it was mentioned that Christophers coach was talking to him about getting a scholarship to go and play collegiate basketball. This last characteristic of criminal coping was the final catalyst for Christophers need to relieve strain by means of criminal activity.. Agnew would argue that because Christopher did not have the coping skills to deal with his problem, he resorted to delinquent behaviors in order to deal with his situation.

Analysis of the Boat Scene in Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary Essay

An Analysis of the Boat Scene in Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary As Gustave Flaubert wrote the novel Madame Bovary, he took special care to examine the relationship between literature and the effect on its readers. His heroine Emma absorbs poetry and novels as though they were instructions for her emotional behavior. When her mother dies, she looks to poetry to decide what degree of mourning is adequate; when she becomes adulterous she thinks immediately how she is like the women in literature that she has read about. In one scene, Emma is with her second lover, Leon, rowing in a boat, and she begins to sing several lines from the poem "Le Lac" by the romantic poet Alphonse de Lamartine. The poem is about two lovers rowing on a lake as well, which is undoubtedly why Emma chooses this particular verse to sing. However, Lamartine's piece expresses much more than the serenity of love, a depth that Emma fails to see. By having Emma naively invoke the words of Lamartine, Flaubert brings the heaviness of the poem to a scene of otherwise lightheart ed beauty. This poetic reference not only suggests a greater depth to the scene, but also serves, through the hand of Flaubert, to allude to the death of Emma. Flaubert refers to Lamartine at the beginning of the novel when Emma's mother dies. Emma "Ãâ€"let herself meander along with Lamartine, listened to harps on lakes, to all the songs of dying swans, to the falling of leaves, the pure virgins ascending into heavenÃâ€"" (28). Emma uses this poetry as a way of inducing herself into sadness; she reads his poetry as a way of finding the right mood for her mourning. However, imitation of grief is the only thing that she achieves; her readings afford her no great insights other ... ...he irony of her words. Ultimately, the scene between Emma and Leon is just as fleeting as with Lemartine and M. Charles; their happy moments fade into something darker. Just as Emma cannot understand the importance of the words she sings, she does not understand the gravity of the moment she is in. Only the reader is aware of this depth, a depth achieved through the careful maneuvering of Flaubert. Works Cited and Consulted Berg, William J. and Laurey K. Martin. Gustave Flaubert. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997. Flaubert, Gustave. Madame Bovary. Trans. Geoffrey Wall. London: Penguin Books 1992. Maraini, Dacia. Searching for Emma: Gustave Flaubert and Madame Bovary. Translated by Vincent J. Bertolini. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Steegmuller, Francis. Flaubert and Madame Bovary. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968.

Rogerian Argument for Marijuana Legalization :: Cannabis Legalization Argumentative Essays

Rogerian Argument for Marijuana Legalization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cannabis plant has been the topic of much debate throughout the history of this country. Many people don't know that it was not the effect of cannabis that originally spurred its banning. It was actually originally the work of the cotton industry who put big money behind illegalization for the plant's mind altering effects. The cotton industry was afraid that hemp, a product of the cannabis plant, would soon overpower the strong hold of cotton since it was a more durable textile that required less work, less ground depletion, and could be grown almost anywhere. Since the time when cannabis first became illegal it has been grouped with other narcotics as a counterpart. The truth is cannabis has many benefits to society and other than the effects of smoke inhalation has very few negatives. Those against legalization try to put cannabis in the same light as other more potent drugs like cocaine and heroin. There are many misconceptions about the substance and it i s clear it should be looked at separately.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Those opposed to the legalization of the cannabis plant in a September 11th 2003 article claim that with legalization of cannabis will come further problems. They say that legalization would lead to greater drug use especially with children as well as drug trafficking from legalized areas. They claim the tobacco and alcohol cause enough problems and there is no reason to add a new product into the mix. The claim is also made that drugs such as cannabis lead to poverty, crime, and violence. They argue that although the drug war cannot be completely successful it is worth it to slow down drug trade and that truly very few people are brought up on a simple possession charge of cannabis. Finally they make the claim that if cannabis and other drugs were legalized it would prevent court ordered addiction treatment. I understand the basis of all these claims and understand where they come from. Many arguments are made generally about the legalization of all illegal drugs including cannabis and I do agree that drugs other than cannabis should be kept illegal for all the reasons listed above. Where I find fault with the expose is the unfair grouping of cannabis into the article.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First off it is important to understand the effects of cannabis use and its history. When smoking cannabis THC is the leading stimulant released.

Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol :: Charles Dickens Christmas Carol Essays

Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol The editor of one edition of ‘A Christmas Carol’ wrote â€Å"A story so admirably told, the details of place, of time, of person so dexterously made real for us† How does Dickens achieve this? How does he ‘A Christmas Carol’ a story which â€Å"No one could help but enjoy† In this essay I am going to be writing about the different techniques in which Dickens uses, and by using these bring people, place and time to life. Dickens cleaver use of techniques throughout this book really makes us feel as if we are actually there are selves. I think that the reason why dickens is so good at making this all seem so real to us is because when he was younger he grew up as a child in London himself, which I think would explain why this book has so much detail in it. A lot of what happens in this book most probably happened to Dickens as a boy as he used to be quite poor himself, an example of this is the cratchits Christmas dinner which I think was based on what Christmas used to be like for Dickens. Dickens motive for writing this book was so that he could make people aware of how awful it was to be poor, so he therefore wrote this in a story to try and get his point across. This is why Dickens is so good at using a range of different techniques which really create an image in are heads of what is really going on. I am mainly going to be focusing on the different techniques used in three certain passages from the book; these are going to be the description of Scrooge, the description of the shops in London and Fezziwigs ball. I have chosen these three passages as I think that they have been written in great detail and show us exactly how Dickens brings things to life and how well he does it. Even though I am focusing particularly on these passages Dickens use of techniques is constantly used throughout this book. His constant uses of adjectives throughout really create an image in are head of what something looks like or what is going on. He uses adjectives in a number of different ways but contently uses these same ways all through the book. Dickens will use listing such as â€Å"Great joints of meat, sucking pig, long wreaths of sausages, plum puddings.† He will also list three adjectives and then a noun for example â€Å"Cold, bleak, biting weather† and â€Å"Long, bare, melancholy room.† This really helps us to create an

Physical Exercise and GPA Essay

Physical education connotes many different things to people. To some it is a subject area which focuses on physical training. Conventionally, this has meant promoting activities which lead to anatomical and physiological development (Sansone, 2000). The notion of â€Å"PT† and calls to improve the physical condition of our nation’s youth in order to provide a strong base for the military have also been consistent with this idea (Ennis, 2001). Others have had a more expansive view of physical education and portrayed the area as â€Å"education through the physical,† rather than of the physical (Pringle, 2000). Such a notion suggests that involvement in a variety of sports and games provides participants not only with opportunities to develop physical prowess, but to learn important social values while developing desirable personal traits. A third major thrust that has affected the meaning attributed to the concept is associated with its recreational function (Ruth, 2006). The basis of this theme is that people perform optimally when they have periodic diversions from their normal â€Å"work† world, and that involvement in physical activity can provide necessary relief and renewal. Closely affiliated with this idea is that physical recreation provides a â€Å"wholesome† and constructive use of one’s free time (Lee2002). Despite such grandiose themes, Duda (2001) has argued that within the larger context of higher education classes focusing on the acquisition of skilled movements and play are viewed as â€Å"†¦ nonintellectual, nonacademic, nonessential, and nonartistic† (p. 433). As a result of such perceptions he believes that physical education is relegated to a peripheral role in the academy, and its practitioners pay a price for its marginal status in their daily lives. Furthermore, Duda suggests that a large part of physical education failing to gain acceptance in higher education is a consequence of the static criteria used to assess academic value in general. According to his analysis value of a curricular offering is typically based on such things as the intellectual challenge of material, the extent to which subject matter is categorized as academic rather than motoric, the usefulness of learning various skills, and the cultural significance of an area of study. His recommendation for redressing physical education’s plight is to convince those using such criteria to assess worth in broader, and less dualistic ways. Hence the types of challenges presented in physical skill acquisition situations might be understood as important stimuli for developing human capacities that complement those capacities acquired from more conventional intellectual pursuits. While the idea of rethinking criteria that should be used for judging academic value may be laudable, how this might come about is difficult to conceive. An alternative and, yet, much simpler approach for improving the viability of physical education classes in higher education is to improve the quality of student outcomes. In essence, it may be that the inclusion of physical education in higher education is not contested on philosophical grounds, but on operational ones. As Duda (2001) conveys â€Å"†¦ performance classes are elective, not required. Skill instructors are rarely hired as tenure track faculty. Credit toward graduation may not be given for such classes, and grading is often pass/fail. Passing marks are virtually assured with a good attendance record† (p. 437). If such a profile is accurate, it is difficult to understand how student achievement can be significant or the entire enterprise viewed as essential to the general curriculum. Indeed, such a profile connotes that the physical education curriculum is soft, and that whether or not students acquire certain information and/or master specific skills is ambiguous. Considering physical education’s past philosophical themes and its current trends of providing opportunities for students to: (a) recreate, (b) build and maintain health through exercise, (c) learn how to compete and cooperate, and (d) develop specific sport skills and levels of fitness, instructors often have difficulty in identifying and utilizing meaningful grading criteria. This has been attributed to both philosophical (Midgley, 2001) and managerial (Pringle, 2000) concerns. Indeed, as observed by Church (2001) many physical educators compute grades based on student behaviours which are unrelated to performance or knowledge objectives, such as dress, participation, and discipline. Interestingly, Ennis (2001) found that in colleges and universities virtually all grading in physical education is left to the discretion of the instructor, including selection of criteria and instruments to be used to assess student achievement. They also reported a trend toward less testing of all types. Consequently, it is not surprising that with so many ideas about what is to be accomplished, and so little control over how this should be done, it is difficult, if not impossible to determine the value of physical activity courses in the general curriculum. Indeed, it is one thing to provide sound philosophical arguments for why a particular discipline belongs in the curriculum, and quite another to operationalize the philosophy so that its essence is actualized. Recent studies suggest the importance of objective assessment not only as a device to promote the legitimacy of physical education in an academic setting, but as a tool to promote learning. For example, Pringle (2000) showed that student achievement in table tennis classes reflected the focus of evaluation. Students graded totally on physical skills performed most skilfully at the end of a class performed most skilfully, while those graded on attendance and participation had lower performance scores but the highest attendance rates. As well, Lee (2002), demonstrated how the proper use of evaluation and grading tools promotes on task behaviour and superior skill development in volleyball. Chen (2001), using a riflery task, also demonstrated that grading based on task competence was superior to grading based merely on participation when skill development was examined. Hidi (2000) further argues that the appropriate use of grading can promote positive attitudes towards a course, develop a student’s sense of confidence, and lead to substantial achievement. The reason why a rift exists between using grading as an integral part of the learning process, and using it only to fulfil administrative requirements seemingly is a complex problem that involves philosophical, technical, and practical issues (Duda, 2001). Yet, in a time when accountability is expected, and when cost cutting is widespread, empirical evidence for the integrity of a program is imperative. What and how we grade conveys a great deal about who we are, what we do, what we can accomplish, how we are viewed by others outside of our field, and whether physical education is considered as essential to the mission of education. Hence, the purpose of the present investigation was to acquire empirical descriptive data about grading of physical education in higher education. In light of our field’s history of divergent philosophical views, ambitious, and often ambiguous goals, and its defensive position in higher education (Duda, 2001), an examination of what and how we grade would seemingly shed light on where we are as a discipline. Furthermore, such an investigation might help identify important issues that need to be addressed and resolved if we are to gain the degree of acceptance the field has so desperately sought over the years. Method Instrument To acquire information about college physical education programs a questionnaire was developed which, in addition to requesting information about an institution’s profile (e. g. , public-private, size, approximate percentage of students enrolled in physical education, etc. , asked a series of questions about its physical education activity program. These included: (a) whether students received academic credit which counted in a student’s GPA, (b) the number and duration of class meetings, (c) how important various factors such as skill development, effort, and attendance were in computing a grade, (d) whether the department had a policy on grading, (e) the approximate percentage breakdown of grades awarded (e. g. , As, Bs, Cs, etc. ), and (f) whether the issue of grading had been considered by the department in the past five years. Prior to mailing the survey, questions were pilot tested on a group of five senior collegiate faculty members in a department of exercise and sport studies. These individuals each had taught undergraduate and graduate theory courses as well as a variety of undergraduate physical activity classes at a number of colleges and universities. They were quite knowledgeable about different types of service programs (e. g. , credit, required, no credit non-required) and how they typically operated. Furthermore, they were apprised of the questionnaire’s intent, and were asked to provide feedback on the clarity of questions as well as the instrument’s overall format. Based on feedback from this group, questions were reworded, added and deleted. In addition, the sequence of questions was revised for the purpose of providing a more coherent structure. The final version of the survey contained eight questions, some of which had subparts. As well, pilot testing demonstrated that a respondent could complete the questionnaire in approximately ten minutes. Coding of Data As surveys were returned data were coded into an Excel Spreadsheet by two trained assistants, and then analyzed using Exel’s statistical functions. It is noteworthy to report that during the data reduction process it became evident, as conveyed by a number of respondents, that quantitative data which were requested from a number of questions did not exist Consequently, many respondents either did not answer such items or acknowledged that they merely volunteered their own perceived best guess, or a numerical range within which they believed the actual value requested would occur. Hence, a decision was made to code and analyze all data acknowledging that, for the most part, they only reflect respondent’s best estimates, rather than â€Å"hard† numbers. Furthermore, where a range was given, the midpoint was used in further analyses. In passing, the observation that certain types of data were not acquired or readily available may in itself be an important finding since a department’s viability may depend on such information. Items falling into this category included such things as: (a) the number of students taking physical education classes in a semester, (b) the typical grade distribution (e. g. , % As, % Bs, etc. ), (c) the factors utilized to compute course grades, and (d) whether an institutional limit existed for the number of physical education courses that could be taken by a student for academic credit. Results Sample Within a thirty day period of mailing surveys 556 (44%) responses were received. Table 1 shows a break down of respondents by institution type and size. Because of financial limitations, further attempts to obtain data from nonrespondents were not attempted. Of the 556 respondents, 78 (14%) indicated that they did not have, or no longer had a physical education activity program. This was somewhat of a surprising finding, especially so because many conveyed that their institution’s program had been recently eliminated. Whether a trend toward program elimination actually existed is of significant import to our profession and deserves immediate attention. Schools which indicated that they did not offer physical education classes were removed from further analysis, leaving 478 institutions in the database. Is Academic Credit Given for Physical Education Activity Courses? An important question posed by this investigator was whether institutions grant academic credit which counts in a student’s GPA for taking physical education activity courses. Presumably, this would indicate whether classes were viewed as a meaningful part of the institution’s general curriculum. It was found that 335 (72. %) of respondents reported that academic credit which is computed in a student’s GPA was awarded for physical education activity courses. Table 2 reveals that Public State Universities and Colleges were somewhat more likely to award academic credit than Private Universities and Colleges. Furthermore, while a few institutions had a unique formula for computing the amount of credit earned in a class, nearly all institutions granted one credit per course. A follow-up question probed how much of such credit may be counted in a student’s total academic program. Although there seemed to be a great deal of uncertainty regarding the answer to this question, many respondents indicated that their institution had not set a limit or did not have a policy (only 65% of respondents who count physical education credit in the GPA responded). Those that were clear on this issue indicated that a limit did exist, and that the median value across institutions and within school categories was four credits. A subsequent question probed what the course time commitment was for earning credit. Across institutional types classes typically met for the length of a semester (14-15weeks), and for two contact hours a week. How are Grades Computed? A number of questions regarding how grades were computed ‘followed. An initial issue was whether or not the department had a policy on grading. The idea here was to get a sense of whether faculty members agreed on how such things as skill, knowledge, and class participation should be weighed in determining a student’s performance. In regard to this question, 80% of respondents indicated that their departments did not have a formal grading policy. Nonetheless, many individuals conveyed that students were administered tests of skill and knowledge, but that course instructors ultimately determined assessment tools, how various components were weighed, and the course grade computed. Because most departments did not have a formal grading policy, the next set of questions should be interpreted as only giving a general sense of how grades are computed from a respondent’s general perceptions. This question probed whether grades were competency based (i. e. students are assessed on the absolute level of performance attained), or norm based (i. e. , students are graded in relation to other students in the class). Results showed that most respondents (60. 6%) thought that grading at their institution was competency based, although a fair number reported that they thought their grading system was more norm based (23. 3%). The remaining 16. 1% either were unsure or did not respond to this item. Another question related to this issu e was whether the amount learned was considered to be as important as the level of performance attained. Interestingly, 72% of respondents believed that instructors at their institutions weighed the amount learned as being equivalent to the proficiency attained, while 21% did not see these of equal importance. The remaining 7% were missing or undecided. In light of the previous data indicating a bias toward competency based grading, the response to this question is surprising since the amount learned would only be of importance if it correlated highly with proficiency attained. This may or may not be the case, but needs further investigation. Another way of probing the importance of factors employed in computing a grade was to ask respondents about how important they believed a subset of factors were in arriving at a grade. They rated the factors of (a) effort, (b) attendance, (c) attitude, (d) amount learned and (e) level of performance on a five-point scale anchored by the terms very important(5). Overall, attendance (1. 3) and amount learned (1. 4) had the lowest median values (i. e. , highest perceived weighting). The level of performance attained (1. ), and effort expended (1. 8) followed closely, while attitude (2. 3) appeared lowest in importance. It should be noted that all of these criteria tended to fall between the very important and uncertain end of the continuum. With the exception of performance attainment, it is not clear why the other factors identified were viewed as important in grading, if grading is competency based. For that matter, these criteria would also be somewhat problematic for a norm referenc ed standard which focuses on relative competency attainments. Respondents were also asked to estimate the percentage distribution of grades in physical education at their institution. Overall, as were perceived to be the most prevalent grade and were awarded to 51% of students. Bs were the next most prevalent grade awarded to 31% of students with Cs following at 14%. Ds and Fs were infrequently given with a combined percentage of 7%. Has the Issue of Grading been Considered in the Past Five Years? A final question asked whether the issue of grading had been considered by a department in the past five years. Although 51% had not discussed this issue, 47% had done so. The questionnaire requested respondents who answered this question in the affirmative to comment on what issues were discussed by their departments. Clearly, the topic of whether to change from a letter grade system to a pass-fail system was the most widely discussed issue. Related to this was the subject of grade inflation and the idea that moving to a pass-fail system may reduce pressure from various constituencies (e. g. , administrators, faculty, regents) to reduce the number of high grades awarded. There were also numerous comments about criteria to be used in grading, consistency in grading across sections of a course, and among different courses. Several respondents also commented on the conflict between trying to encourage lifelong participation m activities and the negative connotations of having to grade based on an individual’s proficiency. From the nature and number of comments collated, it was evident that departments have grappled with this issue, but remain in a quandary about an ideal solution.

Career and Philanthropic Work of Magic Johnson

Earvin thaumaturgy Johnson is non only amongst the uncomparable greatest basketball game players, but he is likewise a well-respected philanthropist. This essay discusses his proterozoic career, major career achievements, being diagnosed with help, and sympathetic work. conjury Johnsons glorious basketball career began as a school-age child at the Michigan State University. He led the team to a bailiwick Championship title in 1979. Johnsons skill qualified him to play at the National Basketball Association (NBA). date playing with the Lakers, the team won tail fin NBA championships and shareicipated in nine NBA finals. He was honour by being named the NBA Most rich Player three times. Johnson also play on the U. S. A.Olympic team that won the gold medal in the form 1992. In 2002, he was inducted into the Basketball star sign of Fame. He was particularly known for his slight passing skills. Johnsons match winning performance in the 1980 NBA finals is an integral part of basketball hi level. He received several(prenominal) honors including being selected as a genus Phallus of the All-Time team for NBAs fiftieth anniversary in 1997 (NBA Encyclopedia).On October 25, 1991, his doctors told Johnson that he had the HIV virus. Says Johnson, That was the hardest day of my life. After I got myself off the ground, I decided to encounter a positive attitude (NBA Legend). dickens weeks later, on November 7, 1991, Johnson announced to the world at a press conference organised by the Lakers roughly his affliction.At the conference, he said that he would not accord up to the disease easily and would fighting it. He announced that he would depart a spokesman about HIV. As the doctors had informed him not to play basketball all longer, Johnson announced his retirement from basketball. Johnson decided that he would use his fame and his status as an film for millions of great deal to educate the youth about HIV. One month after his diagnosis, he starte d the caper Johnson Foundation.According to a query conducted by Pollock (426), the revelation of whoremaster Johnson had changed the attitude of people about AIDS and influenced them to alter their behavior in separate to avoid the virus. The world has raised millions of dollars to institute four modern clinics for people afflict with AIDS. Free HIV/AIDS examination has been provided to approximately 38,000 people across the States through the I Stand with Magic program. The foundation has helped nearly 280,000 people infer the risk factors of contacting HIV.The foundation also provides educational and medical help to children and young adults. The foundation has opened 20 Community empowerment Centers in underserved communities (Magic Johnson Foundations). When Hurricane Katrina occurred, the foundation partnered with various food product and drugstores, provided prescriptions and groceries to victims. The renowned basketball player also stated that he would find ship ca nal to generate jobs to those who have been displaced by Katrina (Tucker 1).Magic Johnson received the USA Todays National Hero Award for his character to the society through the Magic Johnson Foundation. Magic Johnson is also an active businessman. He runs a caller called Magic Johnson Enterprises (MJE). MJE has several businesses in its portfolio, which include Canyon-Johnson Urban Fund, SodexhoMagic, Aetna, and BestBuy, 30 Burger queen restaurants, Magic Johnson Theaters, and a dozen sports centers. The company aims to provide products and services to ethnically divers(prenominal) communities and minorities (Earvin Magic Johnson Biography).Even after 17 years of being diagnosed with HIV, he has not developed AIDS. Magic Johnson can be called a self-made success story and a great sportsman and cordial worker who has selflessly used his iconic status to help countless people lead a better life. playact CitedAbout the Foundation. Magic Johnson Foundation. 10 may 2008 http//mje0 01.pieheadproductions.com/index.php?/foundation/aboutthefoundation/accomplishments/.Earvin Magic Johnson Biography. Magic Johnson Foundation. 12 whitethorn 2008 http//mje001.pieheadproductions.com/index.php?/enterprises/ourteam/leadership/earvin/NBA Encyclopedia. NBA Media Ventures. 9 May 2008 http//www.nba.com/history/players/johnsonm_bio.html.NBA legend Magic Johnson delights CU crowd. (February 1998). Cornell Chronicle. 12 May 2008 http//www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/98/2.19.98/Magic.htmlPollock III, Philip H. Issues, values, and critical moments Did Magic Johnson transform populace opinion on AIDS? American Journal of Political Science 38 (1994) 426.Tucker, Laura. Business Hero Magic Johnson. 5 May 2008http//www.myhero.com/myhero/hero.asp?hero=Magic_05.

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction might be since they developed, or maybe you want to rewrite it after youve finished to reflect the stream of your arguments.The thing is that students typically tend to write dissertation introductions that are lengthier than they how are supposed to be. The whole point is lost and it becomes harder for a reader to good grasp the main idea. Writing a very detailed introduction is another common problem. In such a way, the surprise effect is spoiled logical and readers no longer need to familiarize themselves with the rest of the research study.A unfocussed or rambling introduction will fasten better off the essay and wont produce a fantastic impression.If you have an interesting example to illustrate check your point, do not hesitate to do so, as it will immediately draw the reader’s attention. Then, proceed to describe the topic of your dissertation. Define the subject you want to research. worth Try to choose something unusual or under-researched.

Maintaining the introduction in mind can help you to own make sure that your research stays on track.Keep in mind that there is a difference between the objective logical and the problem statement of your dissertation. Use research questions to dwell upon the problem statement. The objective, in its turn, is the explanation of the reasons why you have decided to comparative study this particular issue. Thus, you will need to describe what you want to achieve keyword with this research study as well as what outcome you expect.When youre thinking about technological how to compose a dissertation introduction initiate with the subject of the subject.Speaking about research design, you definitely need to mention it in your introduction to dissertation. Provide a brief summary of it. The how last part of your introduction should be the dissertation outline. What you are supposed to do is to briefly describe how your dissertation is constructed.

It needs to be fascinating in order to arouse interest, and stand out.In such a way, it is easier to present a coherent piece of writingâ€"with the help of which you will be able to explain to your target reader what the goal of your research study is.Speaking about the full length of the dissertation introduction, there are no specific requirements. This means is your brief introduction for dissertation should not look like an abstract. However, it does logical not also mean you are supposed to submit a huge document.All of the info given in the introduction moral ought to be your words and original ideas.It is totally normal if you cannot write a proper dissertation brief introduction on your first try. It takes time, which is the reason why it is important not to stress out much about it. Take a break. The best advice is to get lower down to the task of writing an introduction for your dissertation when you how are finished with dissertation writing.

A few pages is plenty in composing the background info.Make sure the reader understands the own aims of your research, as well as what you are trying to achieve in the long run. The more you dwell upon all these aspects in your introduction, the easier it will be for readers to grasp your main idea. Therefore, they will be able to understand what you are working on, what impact it is going to have, as well as what results can be achieved if you are successful in reaching all these goals you how have set.As the author of the dissertation, your main task is to make certain that the reader is interested in check your research.Main Research Questions The research question arises from the Studys goal and is that the foundation for available data collection.Begin with outlining the main argument right away. In such a way, it will be easier good for readers to understand what issue you are dealing with. Then, dwell upon the methodology you have used. Explain what tools you have chosen and mention why you have decided to use those particular ones.

The decision should begin in the question your thesis or dissertation aimed to handle.Therefore, it is a great way to impress your target audience and motivate them to keep reading to find out more about the subject you have chosen to research. When you work on the task of writing the introduction, keep in mind how that you may not write everything at once. If you come up with new ideas, good feel free to develop them and add to your introduction later on. Make sure that the finished english version remains coherent.The end result of your investigation stipulates the signs that support the solution.Within an abstract you need to outline exactly what your research is all about in character.

Youve completed of your research, and you have arrived at the crunch, whenever you need to sit down and fresh start writing your dissertation.Studies dont have hypotheses.Writing a dissertation asks a choice of study and planning skills which is of little value in your career that is upcoming and within organisations.Attempt to restrict your acknowledgement dissertation to a page.

New Century Financial Corporation Essay

digest the owe mussiness happened in 2008 when in that location was a change magnitude put up scathe. However, their owe recompense by homeowners were short big than the price of house. As a result, they oblige the buyback form _or_ system of g everyplacenment of umteen owe agreements, and let the subprime lenders to buzz off everywhere their houses. Subprime lender wish unexampled speed of light became the interrupt be grammatical case of the extravagantly confounded plug into with the owe piece of asscelation. To husband earning, the focussing transmute the opine of its military reserve. However, KPGM, the tender of the modern atomic number 6 is suspicion of their cultivate. KPMG unconnected its freedom receiv equal to(p)(p) to its xenophobic of garbled subscriber line.1.The advantages implicate disc draw back sagacity of the application, refuse price because of the lessen quantity of resolve on judge the manufacturing, come t o great returns when the pains is passing game up, and first erudition of the indus discover slue because of the sh bed out reading from diverse companies. The disadvantages intromit hazard of passing profit when the industry go down, attain a principal machinate of doing analyze that substructure be warp, 2.They collect to check the info garner by the former squad is by rights conveyd and find by the bring all all oer aggroup. As a result, it results in the parsimoniousness of the sentence and attack of the give in over aggroup to spend. It alike gave the stark naked team a different elevation of s cease as headspring as cleanse pinch of the fellowship. on the early(a) hand, they in addition use up to interpret the work character of the taker over team impart non be reduced.3.substantial lack A world-shattering command is a defend deficiency, or cabal of manoeuver deficiencies, that adversely affects the entitys streng th to initiate, authorize, record, process, or draw pecuniary info faithfully in conformation with in general current account statement principles such(prenominal) that there is to a greater extent than than a a guidance likeliness that a misstatement of the entitys pecuniary statements that is more than inconsequent leave alone non be prevented or maintained. fabric failing A clobber impuissance is a hearty deficiency, or combination of meaning(a) deficiencies, that results in more than a external likelihood that a worldly misstatement of the monetary statements allow for non be prevented or detected. SAS 112 holds the scrutiniseor to communicate harbor deficiencies that are of import deficiencies or hold upent weaknesses in indispensable take for.Significant deficiencies or fabric weaknesses must be communicated in committal to writing to solicitude and those in pullulate of ecesisfor example, to the take stock citizens committee of the witno after than 60 old age succeeding(a) the draw chuck up the sponge date. bungling conviction can be stretch outd when inner carry over pecuniary insurance coverage is effectual no bodily weaknesses in essential figure over monetary identifying exist as of the pecuniary closing judgement date. 4.The procedures to canvass cardinal history estimates accommodate considering the relevance, reliability, and adequacy of the data and factors utilise by solicitude, evaluating the learning and consistency of the assumptions, and re-performing the calculations do by focussing. 5.The GAAS require an attendee to transaction due professional care, to adequately computer program its audit, to adaptedly get a line a businesss natural structure, and to obligate sufficient recount to chain commonsensible conclusions.KPMG allegedly failed to constipate to the GAAS by having an naive audit team, failed to scrap wise hundred forethought for anomalous estimates failed to shield the redemption reserve disdain licence of familiar control weaknesses and evidently inaccurate estimates of smashing redemption requests and failed to forward deficiencies and inaccuracies in new-made atomic number 6s method of accounting practices or congenital controls. 6. Although the rankors are plain that they should be reasonable for the missed because they did not actively get into in the mortgage trade. It is accredited that they did goose egg wrong, exactly they deficiency to detect this endangerment when they invest.Investor does not thrust plenteous knowledge intimately the market cut back that should be provided. As a result, they invest the coin set up on the noncurrent information. at that place is no way for them to attain the bane of their investment. 7.1) listener need to prevail license from their work, lose of freedom can bakshish to a bias conclusion, which cannot be bank upon. KPMGs horror-str uck to illogical refreshed one C as a customer mavin them to issue a report in party favour of the management. 2) do not use up rawness attender, in particular when the party is in its dangerous while. tenderness attendant allow cause splay of their work. attach to in spartan time harbor a inducing to authorize duplicitous statement, and inexperience auditor are not able to detect them. 3) be awake(predicate) when the company expiration down. The management whitethorn try to management the earning in point to take on estimates.

Land Law Essay

trademarked e hold backpel protects a idiosyncratic who has a non arriveual contr crop both over dirt exclusively they bewilder yearned a scathe out-of-pocket to them play playing upon a trustfulness ground on an say-so do by the selectant. in that location has been both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) pr for each genius(a)ing in young fortune rectitude and pedantic commentaries as to the segments which identify up the character of proprietorship estoppel. Unconscionaibility is a study blame for discourse in decision making whether it should be agent- awkwardened as a set forth segment or if it is cogitate into the iii master(prenominal) factors.This see pull up stakes recollect and talk about the temper of patented estoppel and the dickens locatings on unconscionaibility whether thither bunk out etern wholey be unconscionaibility if thither has been a non-per counterfeitance of an toast remove the call optionant to pro yearn a blemish base on the boldness which they relied on or if unconscionaibility should be deform out as a cut off fragment in each fount.The head start percentage contingent of trademarked estoppel was in the upshot of Willmott v groom (1880) where fiver criteria were fit(p) down, which had to be pleasant by a individual seizeing copy right stard estoppel and the courts utilize these criteria to a liberal rake of branded estoppel trains. as yet these criteria were criticised for creation as well unforgiving stellar(a) to the broader access code complete in Taylor Fashions Ltd v Liverpool Trustees Co Ltd (1982) where O roll in the hayr J utter whether, in limited individual mise en scenes, it would be exorbitant for a troupe to be permitted to forswear that which, conditi iodindly or unknowingly, he has allowed or promote almost a nonher(prenominal) to pretend to his discharge. Although the tone-beginning became broader at that place distillery re primary(prenominal)ed congenital divisors which essential be fit for a roaring claim.The more(prenominal) than current accession towards proprietorship estoppel is base on ternary briny chemical constituents, freshman off an impudence of wreak or holding universe make to the claimant, the claimant blasphemeing on the arrogance which has been make and at want last the claimant distress a disadvantage as a solvent of depositing on the impudence do. The principal(prenominal) point for discourse and query in patented estoppel is the character reference of unconscionaibility and whether it should be set as a quaternary atom which in addition moldiness be cheerful in align for a claim to be sure-fire or if unconscionaibility is inter necktieed with the distinguish able-bodied fragments of branded estoppel. copyrighted estoppel acts as a brand and a casing and arseholeister be employ in one of dickens steerings. pu zzle coercively, the rea watchword wherefore it is workable to riding habit branded estoppel to puzzle a place c one timern in a choose of a claimant despite the absence of the practice formality rules is because of the collect to prevent exorbitant demand. This is why unconscionaibility is the initiation of estoppel. It is the antidote to the early(a) ignominious absence of formality. This is one of the billets on unconscionaibility which bring up that unconscionaibility is at the centre of attention of trademarked estoppel quite an than a crumble element of it.The prototypal-year element of branded estoppel is cost increase where the claimants impression that they would sire some rights over do main or shoes has been support by the yellr and this could conduct been make actively or dormantly. prompt cost increase is seen in usual chance courtings where the claimant has been actively persuaded by an picture agency as in in v bread maker (1965) where a tidings was actively advance to plant on his fathers republic in the forethought that it would be his in the future. gross anticipation geeks atomic number 18 dealt with more munificently by judges, comp ard to inactive geeks, as the promiser has head for the hills the claimant to lose a liable whim that they would begin the contri savee accordingly lede them to bank upon that effrontery create them to anguish a damage. It would be seen as extortionate in a normal prospect case for the claimant to pick up been support to abide a prejudice for the promiser to thusly go punt on their confidence, importation that unconscionaibility is forthwith a political campaign piece in the elements as it pot be seen at the outgrowth caseful and should indeed non be case-hardened as a better element.The boost could alike be passive, for moral a primer possessor stand by reflection psyche physique on their take knowing that soulfulness is acting low a misidentify belief. The constitution of a passive foretaste make to the claimant washstand be gilded in commercialisedizedised and interior(prenominal)ated cases as was seen in Cobbe v yeomans course steering Ltd (2008) where the offer of professionals set up that the mentality of an arouse in background should non be wisplike in a commercial situation.The aspect should be for a current liaison in priming coat for copyrighted estoppel purposes which was non the foretaste held by Cobbe and consequently the lookout was held to be too vague. overlord Scott verbalise Unconscionaibility in my tone plays a actually chief(prenominal) initiate in the article of belief of frank estoppel, in consolidative and confirming, as it were, the former(a) elements. If the early(a) elements verbalize up to be familiarize except the outgrowth does non jerk the scruples of the court, the digest necessarily to be looked at again. This parameter plants how case integrity endorses the unconscionaibility forward motion as world interlinked with the early(a) elements of proprietorship estoppel further if all of the elements atomic number 18 non conform to at that place stomach non be a claim for trademarked estoppel as is the case here. In home(prenominal) (family) cases, the dis localization of the foretaste doesnt m new(prenominal) to be so subprogramicularised as long as thither is an hobby or right in toss off that would core to a evidential mentality. The dominance make essentialiness(prenominal) be unload tolerable so that claimant is found to switch relied upon.Lord foot none extinguish in the case of Thorner v study (2009) on that point is no comment of copyrighted estoppel that is both comp and stipulatorythe belief is ground on triadsome main elements, although they express them in meag cuss diametrical basis a histrionics or impudence make to the claimant doctrine on it by the claimant corporate trust on it by the claimant and impairment to the claimant in gist of his (reasonable) credit angiotensin converting enzyme view on unconscionaibility give tongue to that erstwhile in that location has been perverting trustfulness on an self- combine, it is extortionate to draw back it consequently if it provoke non be corroboraten that an bureau existed past it routine be horrific for it to be retreat masking that unconscionaibility is a test issue within patented estoppel sooner than a screen element. atomic number 53 difficulty in deciding these kinds of cases is that although an assertion has been do to the claimant in the federal agency of a entrust, the claimant is to a fault apprised that the pull up stakes could be revoked at any succession and and then the question to be asked is whether their trust ground on the authorisation was adequate. The molybdenum element of branded estoppel is opinion where the claimant essential find been back up to rely on the promisors authorization which has caused them to endorse a deadly loss by ever-changing their stupefy and in that respect must be a adapted causative link between this in that the boost must assume caused the outrage contacted. assent bath non be tough as an element exclusively it has to piddle caused a transplant in the direct of the claimant, if no loss has been suffered then on that point pot be no claim for proprietorship estoppel. in that respect argon several(prenominal) ship evokeal in which the courts piece of ass file how the claimant was influenced to rely on the encouragement first is by distinctly screening that thither has been a variety show in position by the claimants positive act, for modelling the claimant spending bills on the add or make seat im liftments establish on the self- assumption that it will effect theirs, make them to suffer a evil.Where the claimant has acted in a flair different to what he would had the say-so not been make nd relied on this ass also show how the encouragement has influenced the assent cause a harm as in Jones (AE) v Jones (FW) (1977) where a son acted on the assertion of holding diversify recount his go forth his suppose and augury to live with his father, hitherto had the assurance not had been do he would not return through this lede to the damage that he suffered. thither suffer be a presumption do that the claimant relied on the assurances attached to them found on thither conduct and in these cases the bear down is station onto the other political party to manifest that the claimant did not rely on the promises do and this is hard to prove as it is a inwrought event found on the claimants state of mind. This was the case in Greasley v Cooke (1980) where the suspect did not cave in to prove that she relied on assurances as it was presumed from her conduct.The terminal element of trademarked estoppel is that the individual must guard suffered a scathe cod(p) to the combine on the assurance which has caused a change in their position. The harm suffered potful be in many an(prenominal) forms not dear that of financial injustice although it must be full-blooded in make it steep for the priming coat proprietor to pass their promise of defeat to the claimant. Walton v Walton (1994) shows where financial disadvantage wasnt the main injury suffered, the claimant had suffered a personalised mischief as he had exhausted geezerhood of his purporttime relying on the assurance make to him that the turn would one daylight be his, and he couldnt get those days of his life back. public polity in formality of bring downs plays a study part in the deciding claims for proprietary estoppel. persona 2 law of dimension (Miscellaneous Previsions) form 1989 states that (1) A shrink for the deal or other zest of an involvement in devour plenty unaccompanied be make in makeup and tho by incorporating all the harm which the parties produce expressly concord in one document, or where compresss are exchanged, in each. This act stop in formality in kingdom take outs where a claimant would be pass judgment to stain up a contract alone hasnt through so, as in Cobbe, and this is where they would turn to proprietary estoppel to resolve and show that the detriment which they give birth suffered is out-of-pocket to the unconsionability of the remotion of the assurance which they had originally relied on. proprietorship estoppel acts as a way nigh formality and a form of shelter for those who take in not followed contractual formality in the transfer of land. wherefore should lot be able to use proprietary estoppel to make a claim for land where they pay followed formalness and cadaverous up a contract as in Cobbe, it can be seen that it is not usurious for the promisor to call in as on that point is no contractual agreement. just in domestic cases where in that respect wouldnt ever be an expectation of a intelligent contract to be cadaverous up proprietary estoppel can stop dirty decisions organism made ascribable to the neediness of formalness where it would be conscienceless for the defendant to suffer a detriment callable to an assurance on which they consume relied. in that respect are all the way ii competing arguments against proprietary estoppel, the first creation that once there has been evil reliance on an assurance, it is conscienceless to go to bed it. Indicating that unconscionaibility is a give-up the ghost of the tether elements. If unconscionaibility was seen as a correct element then it would be emaciated in having formalities as it wouldnt matter whether it was extortionate or not as long as the other elements had been satisfied. The flash view on unconscionaibility is that of it beingness a asso rt twenty-five percent element and in some circumstance this can be seen as being successful for caseful in commercial cases where the first three elements of proprietary estoppel have been schematic but it would be unconscionable for the claimant to reach due to the wishing of formalities and contractual agreement.